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Журнал высшей нервной деятельности им. И.П. Павлова, 2022, T. 72, № 5, стр. 643-650

Мозговое обеспечение принятия решений о пожертвованиях из альтруистических и эгоистических побуждений

А. Ю. Шепеленко 1, *, В. В. Косоногов 1

1 Институт Когнитивных Нейронаук НИУ ВШЭ
Москва, Россия

* E-mail: shepelenko.a.yu@gmail.com

Поступила в редакцию 15.03.2022
После доработки 26.04.2022
Принята к публикации 26.04.2022

Аннотация

Просоциальное поведение представляет собой сложный процесс социального взаимодействия, мозговое обеспечение которого полностью не изучено. Выделяют две основные группы факторов, побуждающих людей отдавать свои ресурсы на благо других, – альтруистические и эгоистические. Независимо от мотивов в ходе принятия решения о пожертвовании наблюдается активация вентральной медиальной префронтальной коры. Кроме того, височно-теменной узел обеспечивает как положительное подкрепление пожертвования, так и эмпатическую заботу, что отражает важность процесса ментализации при благотворительном поведении. В случаях эгоистических побуждений благотворительности также имеет место возбуждение областей мозга, связанных с удовольствием и положительными эмоциями (прилежащее ядро и вентральное полосатое тело). С другой стороны, жертвователь может сопереживать благополучателю, то есть иметь альтруистические побуждения, что связывают с вовлечением переднего островка, передней поясной коры и подколенной передней поясной коры. Данный обзор освещает нейробиологические механизмы, связанные с процессом пожертвования на основе как альтруистических, так и эгоистических мотивов.

Ключевые слова: просоциальное поведение, пожертвования, мозг, благотворительность, фМРТ, обзор, эмпатия, ментализация

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