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Журнал высшей нервной деятельности им. И.П. Павлова, 2022, T. 72, № 5, стр. 623-642

Возможность повышения эффективности коррекции двигательных навыков и когнитивных функций с помощью неинвазивной стимуляции мозга у человека

А. В. Попыванова 1, М. А. Корякина 1, Е. Д. Помелова 1, Н. А. Илюкина 1, 2, О. Е. Агранович 3, А. Н. Шестакова 1, Е. Д. Благовещенский 1, *

1 Центр нейроэкономики и когнитивных исследований, Институт когнитивных нейронаук, Национальный исследовательский университет Высшая школа экономики
Москва, Россия

2 Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет
Нижний Новгород, Россия

3 НИИ детской ортопедии им. Т. Турнера
Санкт-Петербург, Россия

* E-mail: eblagovechensky@hse.ru

Поступила в редакцию 15.03.2022
После доработки 24.05.2022
Принята к публикации 27.06.2022

Аннотация

Существует множество исследований, демонстрирующих влияние неинвазивной стимуляции на различные функции мозга. Основными методами такой стимуляции являются транскраниальная электрическая (ТЭС) и транскраниальная магнитная (ТМС) стимуляция. В клинике уже реализуется ряд протоколов стимуляции, однако достоверность эффектов такого воздействия вызывает ряд вопросов. В данном обзоре мы рассмотрели влияние ТЭС и ТМС на выработку и коррекцию моторных навыков и когнитивных функций и как они связаны между собой. Особый акцент был сделан на эффектах, связанных с коррекцией моторных навыков, так как именно кортикоспинальную систему, связанную с движением (основная мишень стимуляции), можно оценивать максимально объективно при помощи различных методов нейровизуализации и нейростимуляции, что позволяет более точно оценить механизмы воздействия неинвазивной стимуляции мозга (НСМ). Кроме того, в исследованиях с использованием НСМ наблюдается взаимосвязь между когнитивными и моторными функциями, что говорит о необходимости изучать эти области комплексно в контексте рассмотрения повышения эффективности моторных навыков. Рассматриваются как отдельные эффекты ТЭС и ТМС, так и эффекты их совместного использования. На взгляд авторов, нет однозначного ответа на вопрос, можно ли достоверно корректировать при помощи неинвазивной стимуляции выработку двигательных и когнитивных навыков. Приведeнные в настоящем обзоре данные позволяют предположить, что такая корректировка возможна. Данный аспект важен как для клинической медицины (пациенты с моторными нарушениями), так и для других направлений – спортивной медицины, образовательных технологий и т.д.

Ключевые слова: неинвазивная стимуляция мозга, ТЭС, ТМС, моторные навыки, обзор

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