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Теплоэнергетика, 2023, № 8, стр. 3-26

Перспективы использования двумерных наноматериалов в энергетических технологиях (обзор)

А. С. Дмитриев a, b, *, А. В. Клименко c, **

a Национальный исследовательский университет “Московский энергетический институт”
111250 Москва, Красноказарменная ул., д. 14, стр. 1, Россия

b Институт графена
119019 Москва, Никитский бульв., д. 12, Россия

c Национальный исследовательский технологический университет “Московский институт стали и сплавов” (МИСиС)
119049 Москва, Ленинский просп., д. 4, Россия

* E-mail: asdmitriev@mail.ru
** E-mail: klimenkoav@bk.ru

Поступила в редакцию 23.01.2023
После доработки 15.02.2023
Принята к публикации 01.03.2023

Аннотация

Рассмотрены перспективы применения новых двумерных наноматериалов (2D-материалов) для интенсификации процессов тепломассообмена в энергетическом оборудовании. Представлены основные типы 2D-материалов, описаны их физико-технологические свойства и уникальные характеристики. Изучены отдельные технологические приемы изготовления двумерных материалов и создаваемых пленок, композитов, наножидкостей для различных энергетических приложений. Отдельное внимание уделено материалам на основе однослойного и многослойного графена, характеристикам материалов на базе графеновых компонентов, их физико-химическим и другим параметрам. Описаны эффекты, которые наблюдаются при использовании наножидкостей в качестве теплоносителей и при нанесении покрытий на основе 2D-материалов на теплопередающие поверхности при различных процессах теплообмена: однофазной конвекции, испарении, кипении, конденсации. Показано, что во всех случаях существенно повышается эффективность теплопереноса. Приведены конкретные примеры применения 2D-материалов в тепловых трубах и термосифонах, описаны способы улучшения характеристик этих устройств. Рассмотрены некоторые математические и физические модели функционирования двумерных материалов в энергетике. Особое внимание уделено особенностям механизмов теплопереноса, испарения, кипения и конденсации в энергетических системах. Однако указано, что имеются определенные трудности при выборе двумерных материалов для использования их в энергетике. Сделан вывод, что благодаря дополнительным исследованиям и активному применению 2D-материалов открываются беспрецедентные возможности для развития перспективных энергетических, строительных, электронных и других технологий, а также создания материалов следующего поколения с уникальными механическими, оптическими, электромагнитными и тепловыми свойствами.

Ключевые слова: тепломассообмен, теплоносители, наножидкости, двумерные наноматериалы, графен, пленочные покрытия тепловая труба, капельная и пленочная конденсация, коэффициент теплоотдачи

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