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Теплоэнергетика, 2024, № 1, стр. 50-72

Малоэмиссионные камеры сгорания ГТУ. Современные тренды, диагностика и оптимизация (обзор)

Л. М. Чикишев a, b, *, Д. М. Маркович a

a Институт теплофизики им. С.С. Кутателадзе СО РАН
630090 г. Новосибирск, просп. Академика Лаврентьева, д. 1, Россия

b Новосибирский государственный университет
630090 г. Новосибирск, ул. Пирогова, д. 2, Россия

* E-mail: chlm@itp.nsc.ru

Поступила в редакцию 26.04.2023
После доработки 21.08.2023
Принята к публикации 30.08.2023

Аннотация

Приведен краткий обзор конструкций малоэмиссионных камер сгорания газотурбинного типа на примере авиационных двигательных установок. Наиболее перспективная технология, способствующая снижению выбросов вредных веществ, – это сжигание обедненной предварительно перемешанной топливовоздушной смеси, однако ее применение ограничено нестационарными явлениями, оказывающими существенное влияние на стабилизацию пламени и приводящими к возникновению термоакустического резонанса. В настоящее время для двигателей большой мощности данная технология реализована только двумя компаниями – General Electric и Rolls-Royce. Работы по созданию двигателя большой тяги в России ведутся в АО “ОДК-Авиадвигатель” в рамках программы ПД-35. Задачи разработки малоэмиссионных камер сгорания для газоперекачивающих агрегатов успешно решаются в АО “ОДК-Авиадвигатель” совместно с ЦИАМ им. П.И. Баранова (ГТУ-16П). Одним из ключевых направлений развития энергетики является также разработка газовых турбин большой мощности классов ГТЭ-65, ГТЭ-170 (ПАО “Силовые машины”), ГТД-110М (ОДК “Сатурн”), и здесь необходимо решать те же проблемы, что и для газотурбинных двигателей. Наиболее актуальными проблемами являются прогнозирование возникновения термоакустических автоколебаний газа в камерах сгорания и управление ими с помощью обратной связи как в номинальных режимах, так и в режимах малой мощности. Представлен обзор технологий с использованием малоэмиссионных камер сгорания, рассмотрено современное состояние экспериментальных исследований структуры течения и процессов переноса в модельных камерах сгорания. Приведены примеры передовых экспериментальных стендов, моделирующих течение и горение в камерах сгорания газотурбинного типа, указаны необходимые режимные параметры и используемые технические решения, позволяющие эффективно проводить измерения современными методами оптической диагностики.

Ключевые слова: камера сгорания, панорамные методы, горение, газотурбинная установка, малоэмиссионные камеры сгорания, оптическая диагностика процессов горения, авиационные двигательные установки

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