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Почвоведение, 2023, № 12, стр. 1522-1561

Супрагляциальные почвы и почвоподобные тела: разнообразие, генезис, функционирование (обзор)

Н. С. Мергелов a, *, С. В. Горячкин a, Э. П. Зазовская a, c, Д. В. Карелин a, Д. А. Никитин a, b, С. С. Кутузов a, d

a Институт географии РАН
119017 Москва, Старомонетный пер., 29, Россия

b Почвенный институт им. В.В. Докучаева
119017 Москва, Пыжевский пер., 7, стр. 2, Россия

c Центр прикладных изотопных исследований, Университет штата Джорджия-Атенс
GA30602 Атенс, Ривербенд роэд, 120, США

d Центр полярных и климатических исследований Берда, Университет штата Огайо
OH43210 Колумбус, Кармак роэд, 1090, США

* E-mail: mergelov@igras.ru

Поступила в редакцию 17.07.2023
После доработки 07.08.2023
Принята к публикации 07.08.2023

Аннотация

В XXI в. ледники стали рассматривать как отдельный биом, который приобрел особое значение в современном мире отступающего льда. В обзоре систематизированы результаты последних исследований органо-минеральных образований на ледниках, их разнообразия, генезиса, функционирования и биосферной роли. Ставится вопрос о возможности вовлечения супрагляциальных (наледниковых) органо-минеральных образований в круг объектов почвоведения, а супрагляциальная зона рассматривается как область формирования почвенных и почвоподобных тел, биогеохимические процессы в которых влияют на ледниковый биом и окружающие его ландшафты. Типизация супрагляциальных органо-минеральных образований с позиции почвоведения выявила в них признаки почвенных процессов: аккумуляции и стабилизации органического вещества (ОВ), его гетеротрофной трансформации, образования темноцветного гумифицированного ОВ и накопления остаточных твердофазных продуктов функционирования in situ, агрегации мелкозема и его биогенного оструктуривания, биохимического выветривания. Среди супрагляциальных образований предложено выделять предпочвы, в том числе эфемерные образования, почвоподобные тела и почвы во льду и снеге, метастабильные почвоподобные тела на криоконите и почвы с микропрофилями под моховыми сообществами на льду, а также относительно стабильные почвы с макропрофилями на мелкоземисто-обломочных отложениях с подстиланием ледников и льда, уже прекратившего движение. Легкодоступное водорастворимое ОВ, накопившееся и трансформировавшееся, в том числе в супрагляциальных почвах и почвоподобных телах, оказывает существенное влияние на перигляциальную зону, приводя к резервуарному и прайминг эффектам. Фундаментальное значение исследований супрагляциальных органо-минеральных систем велико для понимания эволюции экосистем на Земле и для построения моделей поверхностных образований внеземных тел с обширной криосферой. Супрагляциальное почвообразование – это также модельный объект для исследования формирования почв вне ледников в условиях постоянного поступления внешних органических и минеральных компонентов, вклад которых вне ледников не менее значителен, но замаскирован полиминеральным субстратом самих почв и почвообразующих пород.

Ключевые слова: органо-минеральные взаимодействия, предпочвы, криокониты, перигляциальная зона, эмиссия парниковых газов, радиоуглерод

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